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Radical cystectomy is a surgical procedure performed to treat invasive bladder cancer or other conditions that necessitate removal of the entire bladder and surrounding structures. The procedure involves the complete removal of the bladder, nearby lymph nodes, and sometimes other organs or tissues that may be affected by the cancer, such as part of the urethra, prostate (in men), or uterus and part of the vagina (in women).

Radical cystectomy is typically recommended when bladder cancer is invasive or aggressive and has not responded to other treatments like transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) or chemotherapy. The surgery can be performed using different approaches, including open surgery or minimally invasive techniques such as laparoscopy or robotic-assisted surgery. Robotic-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) has become increasingly common due to its potential benefits, such as smaller incisions, reduced blood loss, and faster recovery times compared to traditional open surgery.

After radical cystectomy, urinary diversion is necessary to reroute urine from the kidneys to a new way of exiting the body. This may involve creating a new bladder from a segment of the bowel (neobladder), diverting urine to an external pouch (ileal conduit), or other methods depending on the patient's needs and preferences.