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RIRS, or Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery, is a minimally invasive procedure used to treat kidney stones located within the kidney's renal pelvis and calyces. It is performed using a flexible ureteroscope—a thin, flexible tube with a camera and light source—at the tip, which is passed through the urethra, bladder, and up into the ureter to reach the kidney stone. Once the stone is visualized, laser lithotripsy is employed to fragment the stone into smaller pieces. These smaller stone fragments can then be extracted using a basket-like device or flushed out naturally through the urinary tract. RIRS is particularly effective for treating smaller to medium-sized stones and is less invasive compared to traditional surgical approaches like open surgery or percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). The procedure is typically performed under general anesthesia or sedation and is associated with minimal discomfort and a shorter recovery period. Post-operative care may involve a temporary ureteral stent to facilitate urine drainage and promote healing. RIRS has a high success rate in achieving stone clearance and is favored for its precision, reduced risk of complications, and quicker recovery times, making it a preferred treatment option for many patients with kidney stones.