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Radical nephrectomy is a surgical procedure performed to remove an entire kidney, typically due to the presence of kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma) or other severe kidney diseases that cannot be managed by less invasive methods. The procedure involves removing not only the affected kidney but also the surrounding tissues, including the adrenal gland and nearby lymph nodes if necessary, to ensure complete removal of the cancerous tissue.

The surgery is usually performed under general anesthesia, and the surgeon accesses the kidney through an incision in the abdomen or side (flank). In recent years, minimally invasive techniques such as laparoscopic or robotic-assisted surgery have become more common for radical nephrectomy, offering smaller incisions, reduced recovery times, and potentially less post-operative pain compared to traditional open surgery.